Soak the beans in water to cover overnight. The next day, drain them. Peel the shallot and stud it with the cloves.
In a large saucepan, combine the beans, shallot, cloves, thyme sprigs, and bay leaf; add water to cover. Bring the water to a boil over high heat, skim off the foam on the surface, and reduce the heat to medium-low. Cover and cook for 45 minutes to 1 hour, or until tender. Drain the beans in a colander, and remove the shallot, bay leaf, and thyme sprigs. Let cool.
Peel, trim, and cut the onion into ½-inch dice. Cut the celery and carrot into ½-inch dice. Peel and cut the potato in the same manner.
In a skillet, heat the olive oil over medium heat. Add the diced onion, celery, and carrot, and cook, stirring, until wilted. Add the diced potato. Lower the heat, add the paprika, cumin, and chopped thyme and cook, stirring occasionally, until the potatoes are golden and cooked through,
about 30 minutes. Set aside to cool.
Cut the ricotta salata into ½-inch dice.
In a large serving bowl, combine the beans with the potato mixture, tossing gently to combine. Add the ricotta salata and chives and toss once more. Drizzle the sherry vinegar over the salad, and serve.